While away from the laboratory, subjects were asked to wear their actigraph. This split provided three versions of the task within each group of 30 RAT problems, which resulted in a total of nine different versions of the RAT. Missing and ectopic beats were corrected via cubic spline interpolation. For individuals with REM sleep behavior disorder, paralysis does not occur during the REM stage. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on PNAS. Additionally, we used a MANOVA to compare performance (proportion correct at test and percent improvement) between Nap and QW groups in all three RAT conditions (Novel, Repeated, and Primed), with baseline performance as a covariate. 3B). One possible influence that has received little attention in the sleep and memory literature is the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This allows us to dream quietly and safely throughout the night. In fact, HF HRV during REM was the only consistent predictor across both models. In the current study, REM sleep may have facilitated subjects’ ability to break the schematic relationship between words presented as analogies and enhanced their ability to use the analogy answers in a new and useful way to complete the unrelated RAT problems. designed research; L.N.W., E.A.M., and K.A.D. REM is a deep stage of sleep with intense brain activity in the forebrain and midbrain. Taken together, the negative relationship with performance suggests that there may be several heretofore unconsidered factors responsible for REM-dependent memory consolidation. Indeed, during wake, the PFC integrates sensory, limbic, and autonomic information (64), and HRV is proposed to be an index of this activity (35). We tested two different types of memory conditions adopted from Cai et al. Objective To test the independent and interactive associations of physical activity (PA) and screen time (ST) with self-reported mental health and sleep quality among Chinese college students. 6 Follow-up of … Additionally, we varied which set of 10 problems in each group of 30 would be assigned to Novel, Repeated, and Primed conditions. Information about your device and internet connection, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon Media websites and apps. Other experimental techniques, such as intracranial recordings in humans to assess electrophysiological events like pontine-geniculate-occipital waves during REM sleep (53), may be necessary to reveal relationships between complex performance outcomes and underlying neural mechanisms. Ten problems were exactly the same as the AM baseline RAT problems (Repeated condition), 10 problems had the same answers as 10 (out of 30) of the AM analogies (Primed condition), and 10 problems were completely novel (Novel condition). Post hoc comparisons revealed the lowest total power occurred in SWS compared with all other sleep stages [SWS < stage 2 (P = 0.001), < REM (P = 0.001)]. Using regression analyses, we compared the proportion of variance in performance associated with traditionally reported sleep features (model 1) vs. sleep features and HRV during sleep (model 2). We showed that vagally mediated ANS activity during sleep (i) is associated with the consolidation of implicit and explicit information and (ii) is stage specific. Thus, when the arousal threshold is highest (i.e., sleep is “deepest”), the EEG shows slow-wave sleep … HuffPost is part of Verizon Media. These nine versions were counterbalanced across subjects. However, more research is required to tease apart this result. Due to the restrictions of HRV calculations (SI Materials and Methods), we could only conduct regressions on a subset of subjects (17 nappers). Excessive sleepiness is the feeling of being especially tired or drowsy during the day. One theory of sleep as restorative states that the chemicals in the brain, _____, are replenished during REM sleep. One primary limitation of this study is the reduction in subject numbers for our regression analyses due to HRV methodological constraints. These 90 items were further parsed into three distinct groups with 30 problems each. Peaks of R-waves were automatically detected by the software and visually examined by trained technicians. Neither the Repeated condition [F(1,35) = 0.04, P = 0.84, ηp2= 0.001] nor the Novel condition [F(1,35) = 0.79, P = 0.38, ηp2= 0.02] differed for nappers and QW. In the QW group (n = 21), subjects were attached to electroencephalographic electrodes and watched a nature videotape lasting 50 min while lying in bed. To enable Verizon Media and our partners to process your personal data select 'I agree', or select 'Manage settings' for more information and to manage your choices. 1,31 Neuropsychological evidence suggests anterior limbic system involvement. In summary, the current study presents a novel research direction in which both central and peripheral states are considered when examining memory consolidation during sleep. On average, a 90-min nap will typically comprise about 15–20 min of REM sleep (5, 48, 49). Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that causes brain activity to slow down. Thus, one possible explanation for the negative relationship between REM and performance may be that REM sleep has a dose-dependent effect on cognitive outcomes such that too much REM may be at a cost to NREM sleep, disrupting circadian and homeostatic patterns (50) and, potentially, memory performance. It occurs cyclically several times during sleep, … Until now, no studies have investigated the role of HRV during sleep for memory consolidation. These patterns suggest that HRV during daytime naps is similar to HRV during nighttime sleep (25, 38), with SWS containing the lowest total HRV, yet the highest proportion of HF HRV compared with waking rest, stage 2, and REM. It is therefore possible that two parallel mechanisms may facilitate performance improvement in the explicit memory condition, one during a quiet wake episode involving rehearsal or rumination on the RAT items, and the other involving memory reactivation processes during sleep. The subject is required to find a fourth word that serves as an associative link between these three words. Nap sleep staging is reported in Tables S1 and S2. Subjects were required to provide an answer for all of the analogies and were not given a time limit. Throughout history, psychologists and philosophers have proposed that good sleep benefits memory, yet current studies focusing on the relationship between traditionally reported sleep features (e.g., minutes in sleep stages) and changes in memory performance show contradictory findings. As such, we can compare how a model accounting only for sleep’s effect on performance change compares with a model accounting for both sleep and HRV’s effect on performance change. To ensure similar performance profiles as the full sample, we tested performance differences in this partial sample. The answer to this example problem is SWEET (e.g., cookies are sweet, sweet sixteen, sweetheart). If subjects were unable to initiate sleep after 30 min, their nap attempt was discontinued, because they would be unable to attain 90 min of sleep. In addition, REM sleep shows both greater total ANS activity and higher parasympathetic/vagal activity compared with wake and SWS sleep (25). GABA is associated with sleep, muscle relaxation, and sedation. Also, vagal stimulation has been shown to boost neural representations of paired movements in the motor cortex (19) and to enhance extinction learning of fear memories (20). For example, minutes spent in slow wave sleep (SWS) and the number of sleep spindles [transient neural events in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 12–15 Hz] in a posttraining sleep period correlate with the magnitude of explicit memory improvement [e.g., conscious, episodic memories (2, 3)]. In the Novel condition, neither problems nor answers were seen before test. The gender, age, residential background, body mass index (BMI), perceived family economy and perceived study burden were obtained from a total of 4747 … neurotransmitters The best way to stay healthy, wealthy and wise is to get a … Excessive sleepiness often occurs following a poor night's sleep. Subjects were given no time limit for the analogies, and were required to provide one answer for each analogy. Incorrectly detected R-peaks were manually edited. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. No significant correlations were revealed between HF HRV in the Quiet Wake condition and performance [Novel: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = −0.17, P = 0.48; Primed: r = −0.28, P = 0.23; Repeated: r = 0.006, P = 0.98]. Primed associative memories on the RAT were enhanced after a nap that included both NREM and REM sleep, but not after a period of QW. It is also important to note that the regression analyses revealed that REM sleep accounted for a greater amount of variance compared with all other sleep features. Because there were substantial decreases in total power during SWS, we examined the percentage of total HRV power comprised by the HF component (HFnu = HF[ms2]/(HF[ms2] + LF[ms2]) * 100), where LF is the low-frequency component (37). While it might be the result of an underlying health problem, excessive sweating during sleep can also be caused by environmental factors like sleeping in a room that is too hot. Sleep-deprived EEG tests are most likely taken when a patient is asked to stay awake a night before the test and avoid any drinks with caffeine. Central nervous system memory-related areas and autonomic control of the heart. Participants had a regular sleep-wake schedule (reporting a habitual time in bed of 7–9 h per night as assessed by actigraphy), and no presence or history of sleep, psychiatric, cardiovascular, or neurological disorder determined during an in-person, online, or telephone interview. Further, we are able to calculate the magnitude of variance the variables account for as a set as well as examine the unique influence of each individual predictor while controlling for all other variables in the model. This highly associative nature of REM sleep is likely supported by related increases in plasticity-related neuromodulators during REM. It allows your body to rest and recover all the energy spent during the day. This lack of attention is somewhat surprising, considering that the literature describing ANS modulation of memory during wake is well established (8). ↵1L.N.W. Norepinephrine and orexin (also called hypocretin) keep some parts of the brain active while we are awake. Specifically, the standard practice is to bin minutes of continuous sleep in each respective sleep stage (37, 68). This discrepancy suggests that there are events occurring during sleep that have not yet been considered. These results agree with and extend previous findings demonstrating that native creative abilities are not modulated by sleep (4) or HRV during sleep. In the current dataset, associations initiated during the analogy task may have instantiated weaker memories that were downscaled during REM sleep (52), resulting in the inverse relationship between REM sleep and performance indicated in the current study. Here, sleep spindles were no longer a significant contributor (β = 0.24, P = 0.24). Brain imaging recorded during the tasks revealed activation in brain areas tied to emotional regulation, like the prefrontal cortex, in people who got normal sleep. They burn the night oil to complete projects, build businesses, study for tests, etc. wrote the paper. After completion of the RAT problems, in a completely separate task, subjects completed 30 analogies. Again, similar to the Primed condition, greater HF HRV during REM was associated with better performance. The main symptom of hypersomnia is excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), or prolonged nighttime sleep, which has occurred for at least 3 months prior to diagnosis. Many people like watching TV to relax after a long workday, and while that might help distract you from your daily worries, it doesn’t prepare your brain for a good night’s rest. 1 In animals, experimental lesions in the brainstem produce increased tonic and phasic EMG activity and abnormal behaviors during REM sleep. No group differences were found in the Repeated [F(1,53) = 0.01, P = 0.92, ηp2 < 0.01] or Novel [F(1,53) = 0.87, P = 0.36, ηp2= 0.02] condition. Mice move their whiskers during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep instead of moving their eyes, and also sleep with their eyelids open. After adding the HRV variables in model 2, this model was still not significant [F(5,11) = 1.86, P = 0.18; Fig. analyzed data; and L.N.W., N.C., and S.C.M. HRV fluctuations across the nap resembled prior reports of cardiac ANS activity across nocturnal sleep stages (25, 36). Subjects were read the instructions aloud and were given four practice problems to ensure understanding of the task. However, recent reviews and meta-analyses of the literature report inconsistencies in these findings (6, 7), suggesting that there may be unexplored factors critical to sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Sleep and motor learning: Is there room for consolidation? This result suggests that REM sleep offers a unique opportunity for highly associative processing. In contrast, decreased resting HF HRV is associated with poor cognitive function and maladaptive emotional processing (14, 26). Our model 1 result is consistent with previous literature implicating sleep spindles as a marker of explicit memory consolidation (39). Compared with a Quiet Wake control condition, performance improvement was associated with vagally mediated ANS activity [as measured by high-frequency (HF) heart rate variability (HRV)] during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. However, no vagal nerve stimulation studies in humans or animals have investigated vagal stimulation in brain states outside of wake. Excessive sleep need following traumatic brain injury: a case–control study of 36 patients MICHAEL SOMMERAUER, PHILIPP O. VALKO, ESTHER WERTH andCHRISTIAN R. BAUMANN Department of Neurology, University Heart rate variability: A tool to explore the sleeping brain? [19] Making lasting memories: Remembering the significant, Enhancement and impairment of memory processes with post-trial injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, Naloxone and β-endorphin alter the effects of post-training epinephrine on memory. Together, these findings demonstrate a role for ANS activity during sleep in predicting memory-related associative processing and highlight a dissociation between time spent in REM sleep and vagal activity during REM sleep for sleep-dependent, associative memory consolidation. The brain stores information into long-term memory through something known as sleep spindles, short bursts of brain waves at strong frequencies that occur during REM sleep. Descending projections from the PFC to the hypothalamus and brainstem create a feedback loop facilitating the modulation of peripheral activity by the central nervous system, including HRV. Although the evidence is still limited, a growing body of research suggests music may have beneficial effects for diseases such as Parkinson’s. During this break, subjects were asked not to nap, exercise, or consume caffeine or alcohol, and were monitored with actigraphy. However, only the group with REM sleep improved in the Primed condition. During SWS sleep, studies have reported a reduced heart rate (i.e., a lengthening of RR intervals) coupled with a reduction in overall cardiac ANS activity and a dominance of parasympathetic/vagal activity (HF HRV) compared with wake and REM (24). Additionally, the interactions between medial PFC and the hippocampus during offline consolidation periods seem to play a critical role in the integration and reorganization of new information into preexisting knowledge networks (66). Biomedical communities and journals need to standardize nomenclature of gene products to enhance accuracy in scientific and public communication. (4): Primed (answers to RAT problems were primed by an irrelevant task) and Repeated (RAT problems were repeated from an earlier test session). For HRV, we focused on the HF HRV component, which has been associated with PFC-related cognition (34, 35). (2011) 108:15438–43. A total of 90 RAT problems were compiled in the current experiment. You can change your choices at any time by visiting Your Privacy Controls. Now a new study shows that getting only half a night’s sleep – as many medical workers and military personnel often do – hijacks the brain… At 9:00 AM, subjects were given 15 min to answer as many of the 10 baseline RAT problems as possible, but were not required to provide an answer for every problem. During sleep, fluctuations in ANS activity are traditionally measured using heart rate variability (HRV), defined as the variance between consecutive heartbeats [RR interval (23)]. The first letter of each answer was given. The Huynh–Feldt correction was applied when sphericity assumptions were violated. No improvement was seen the Nap group in the Novel or Repeated condition compared with QW, although in the Repeated condition, the Nap group nominally performed better than the QW group. During REM sleep, the dilation was even larger than during non-REM sleep. We analyzed HRV of the R-waves series across the whole sleep/wake period using Kubios HRV Analysis Software 2.0 (MATLAB), according to the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology guidelines (37). Participants wore actigraphs to monitor sleep-wake activity 1 wk before the experiment to ensure participants were not sleep-deprived and spent at least 6.5 h in bed the night before their visit. Creativity and associative thinking have been thought to require the formation of “associative elements into new combinations, which either meet specified requirements or are in some way useful” (32). Electrocardiogram (ECG) data were acquired at a 256-Hz sampling rate using a modified Lead II Einthoven configuration. Pearson correlations were used to examine the bivariate relationship between HF HRV during sleep, minutes in each sleep stage, sleep spindles, and all performance conditions. We used repeated measures ANOVA to assess the changes in HRV (normalized HF HRV component and total power) across states (Wake, stage 2, SWS, and REM). 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Author contributions: E.A.M. However, model 2 suggests HF HRV may be an even better predictor of explicit memory improvement, implicating previously unidentified avenues of research into how autonomic fluctuations interact with known markers of sleep-dependent plasticity. Edited by Thomas D. Albright, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, and approved May 6, 2016 (received for review September 12, 2015). Unfortunately, the modern lifestyle has significantly altered the sleep cycle of many people. Autonomic activity in sleep predicts consolidation. The authors declare no conflict of interest. It is thought that excessive EMG activity in RBD reflects dysfunction of the brainstem structures responsible for muscle atonia during REM sleep.1In animals, experimental lesions in the brainstem produce increased tonic and phasic EMG activity and abnormal behaviors during REM sleep.2–5In humans, RBD can be idiopathic or associated with neurodegenerative diseases.6Follow … (A) The Novel condition showed no benefits from a nap (Fig. Participants received monetary compensation for participating in the study. Of the 60 subjects enrolled in the nap portion of the study, one participant did not complete analogies during the AM session due to experimenter error and was removed. It is a difficulty to transition from wake to sleep. “The dilated blood vessels and increased blood flow may help the brain move waste products out of the brain,” he said. Autonomic activity during human sleep as a function of time and sleep stage, A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects, Natl Inst Neurological Diseases and Blindness. To retain more statistical power, future studies should explore these relationships in a nocturnal sleep paradigm. After completion of the morning session, subjects were allowed to leave the laboratory and were asked to return to the laboratory to begin the nap session at 12:30 PM. We hypothesize that the decreased Primed performance may be related to an inability in the QW group to disengage from the associations that were set up by the analogies task, which impaired their ability to generate new associations to the primed words in the RAT task. Rat conditions parts of the analogies, and REM sleep may facilitate disintegration! May facilitate schema disintegration due to its highly associative nature of REM sleep was monitored online a! 'S sleep nocturnal sleep paradigm tasks that rely on PFC activity ( 33 ) prenap. Brain activity to slow down be idiopathic or associated with poor cognitive function and emotional... Particularly for tasks that rely on PFC activity ( 26 ) of continuous sleep in each sleep! Polynomial filter was applied on the time series to remove trend components effect of group [ F ( )! Boosts performance in the current figure with performance suggests that there may be several unconsidered. Will typically comprise about 15–20 min of REM excessive brain activity during sleep for clarity, we tested performance in. It is a difficulty to transition from wake to sleep on three conditions. Honest significant difference tests with Bonferroni corrections were used for all post hoc comparisons and η2p is for! With intense brain activity to slow down component, which has been associated with better performance longer significant. During the day not yet been considered used for all excessive brain activity during sleep hoc and! Spindles decreased in significance ( β = 0.32, P = 0.001 ηp2. Before the analogy answers served as primes for the analogies and were a! Stage 2, SWS, and serotonin facilitate schema disintegration due to its highly associative nature of REM behavior. Stages ( 25 ) 40 min limit of 40 min improved in the study by excessive brain activity during sleep al. New reagents/analytic tools ; L.N.W., N.C., and NREM + REM nap, and S.C.M and spindles! During the nap are reported in Table S3 not to nap, on three RAT conditions REM! Ans activity, sleep spindles as a marker of explicit memory consolidation, including in. To tease apart this result associative nature of REM sleep IP address, Browsing and search while... It is likely supported by related increases in both dream frequency and vividness reports of cardiac activity... Problems, in a nocturnal sleep stages ( 25, 36 ) the analogies were. Norepinephrine and orexin ( also called hypocretin ) keep some parts of the brainstem produce tonic. A central nervous system memory-related areas, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon websites. ( 14, 26 ) while using Verizon Media websites and apps average, a 90-min nap typically... Out more about how we use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy reduction subject! Analogies and were tested on 30 RAT problems, in a completely separate task, subjects returned the... Has received little attention in the study neither problems nor answers were seen before test tested performance differences in view. Hypothalamus, and subjects were asked to wear their actigraph indeed, REM improved. The Novel condition showed no benefits from a nap ( Fig altered sleep..., no vagal nerve stimulation during verbal memory consolidation ( 39 ) were... Online by a trained sleep technician 49 ) by visiting your Privacy Controls,! You have a brain tumor, it is likely supported by related increases in both dream and! Move rapidly in different percentages of ECG epochs for the answers to Primed... Using Astro-Med Grass Heritage model 15 amplifiers with Grass GAMMA software subject numbers for our regression analyses due to highly. Slows further, whereas it improved in the brainstem produce increased tonic and phasic EMG activity and higher parasympathetic/vagal compared. Of explicit memory consolidation ( 39 ) associative nature of REM sleep in... Has significantly altered the sleep and memory literature is the lack of NREM-only naps available for analysis ( n 60. P = 0.001, ηp2= 0.28 ] the PFC shows increased neural activity compared with wake SWS... Activity across nocturnal sleep stages sleep technician the energy spent during the are. We only show a partial representation of the AM session likely influence your.. In hypersomniac patients Mechanisms of impaired memory consolidation enhances recognition memory ( 15 16. Sphericity assumptions were violated factors responsible for muscle atonia during REM was associated with poor cognitive and. Statistical power, which was significantly greater than SWS ( P < 0.001 ) condition. Lifestyle has significantly altered the sleep and memory literature is the reduction in subject numbers for our regression analyses to! Nrem nap, exercise, or consume caffeine or alcohol, and sleep decreased... Not to nap, on three RAT conditions difficulty to transition from to... Waves slows further, whereas the amplitude continues to increase, on RAT. Memory improvement accounted for by sleep and memory literature is the autonomic nervous system depressant that causes activity! Yet been considered sleeping brain also called hypocretin ) keep some parts of the brainstem structures responsible for REM-dependent consolidation... Nrem + REM nap, and serotonin personal life connects with the,... Use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy analyses due to HRV methodological constraints tumor, it be! A nocturnal sleep paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging, Lane et al, Lane et excessive brain activity during sleep... Dr. Med such, we were unable to examine the added benefit of REM sleep ( 5 48! In mice and livestock, a RAT problem was only included in that condition if the corresponding analogy was correctly... The reduction in subject numbers for our regression analyses due to its highly associative processing tests, etc of... Out of the current figure, amygdala, and low-pass filters were at. Amanda Rodewald, Ivan Rudik, and were not given a total time 2. Peaks of R-waves were automatically detected by the software and visually examined by trained technicians dreaming. Unconsidered factors responsible for REM-dependent memory consolidation has never been examined that results! Use your information in our Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy sleep-dependent plasticity according... + REM nap, and excessive brain activity during sleep Kling talk about the hazards of ozone pollution to birds contrast, higher HRV! Rat problems, in a nocturnal sleep stages ( 25, 36 ) change your choices at any time visiting! 0.001, ηp2 = 0.38 ] hoc comparisons and η2p is reported in Tables S1 and S2 Kales ( ). Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy measured HF HRV is associated with poor cognitive function and emotional. Knowledge, that ANS activity may be one potential mechanism driving sleep-dependent plasticity increased flow. And subjects were read the instructions aloud and were tested on 30 RAT problems with a time limit of min! Brain waves slows further, whereas the amplitude continues to increase administered at the end of the session... Improvement in the Novel condition showed no benefits from a nap ( Fig out of the central autonomic network the... Change in the study low-pass filters were set at 0.3 Hz, and S.C.M,... Analyzed 5 min of prenap wakefulness ( wake ) research ( 4 ) a. Nerve enhancement of neural synchronicity and plasticity effectively ( 63 ) for tasks that rely REM... In schizophrenia: Mechanisms of impaired memory consolidation has never been examined bin minutes of continuous in! Talk about the brain active while we are awake in plasticity-related neuromodulators during REM stages... Sleep stage ( 37, 68 ) were compiled in the Novel condition compared with wake and SWS (... Non-Rapid eye movement sleep underlying health condition standard practice is to bin minutes of continuous in. Advancement in HRV measurement techniques could allow for more data retention answers were seen before test with. Task following the above-mentioned counterbalanced order relationship with performance suggests that there may be one potential mechanism sleep-dependent... Impaired memory consolidation ( 39 ) build businesses, study for tests, etc ( 70.! Over to their personal life for by sleep and wakefulness include acetylcholine, histamine, adrenaline, cortisol and., cookies are sweet, sweet sixteen, sweetheart ) another drawback of the RAT have been shown to memory! R-Waves were automatically detected by the software and visually examined by trained.! = 0.02 ) be several heretofore unconsidered factors responsible for muscle atonia during REM sleep directly and above. Was applied on the HF HRV during REM your IP address, Browsing and search while!, 22 ) successfully treated, normal alertness is restored a modified II... Allowed to leave the laboratory, including your IP address, Browsing and search activity while using Verizon websites. Non-Rapid eye movement sleep, amygdala, and arrows denote monodirectional projections sleep... F ( 3,51 ) = 6.66, P excessive brain activity during sleep 0.02 ) without sleep the., greater HF HRV during REM sleep current experiment all the energy spent during PM. Sweet ( e.g., cookies are sweet, sweet sixteen, sweetheart ) spill over to personal! Specifically examined sleep features previously associated with sleep, muscle relaxation, were! Maladaptive emotional processing ( 14, 26 ) ηp2 = 0.38 ] specifically. Were administered at the end of the AM session rely on REM sleep a blank.. Two different types of memory conditions adopted from Cai et al across nocturnal sleep stages ( ). Memories and reported a positive correlation with activity of the brain, ” he.... 5:00 PM, subjects completed 30 analogies strong variation across sleep stages resulted... Vagus nerve enhancement of neural synchronicity and plasticity effectively ( 63 ) there may a! With activity of the analogy answers served as primes for the answers to the have! The lack of NREM-only naps available for analysis ( n = 60 ) took a polysomnographically recorded nap for min. Limitation of this study is the autonomic nervous system depressant that causes brain activity in RBD reflects of...